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Sunday 26 August 2012

Electrical Engineering projects in Power Systems--part6



Neural Network Based Predictive Control of a Heat exchanger Non Linear Process 
 Analysis of the impact of Distributed Generation of Automatic Reclosing 

Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution System Load-Flow Studies Including Induction Machines 

Power Flow Control in a Distribution System Through an Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generator 
A simple Circuit-Oriented model for predicting six-phase induction machine performances 

Optimization of Network Configuration in Large Distribution Systems Using Plant Growth Simulation Algorithm 

Load Balancing for Distributed and Integrated Power Systems using Grid Computing 

A New Approach to Compensation of Extra High Voltage Transmission Lines 

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Hybrid Torque Control 

Improving the voltage dip immunity of converter-connected distributed generation units 

Electromagnetic Transients of a Micro-Turbine Based Distributed Generation System 

An Integrated Hybrid Power Supply for Distributed Generation applications Fed by Nonconventional Energy Sources 

An Energy adaptive MPPT power management for micro-power vibration energy harvesting 

Photovoltaic-Battery-Powered DC Bus System for Common Portable Electronic Devices 

A Fast and Accurate Maximum Power Point Tracker for PV Systems 

A Simplified Series-Parallel Structure for the Regulated Peak Power Tracking (RPPT) System 

Harmonic Mitigation in AC“DC Converters for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drives 

A Matlab/Simulink Model Based on power system block set-A new Direct Torque Control Strategy for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drive System 

Fuzzy Logic Control of a Switched Reluctance Motor 

Direct Torque Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Pulse Width Modulation using Fuzzy Logic

Electrical Engineering projects in Power Systems--part5



Matlab/Simulink Implementation for Reducing the Motor Derating and Torque Pulsation of Induction Motor using Matrix Converter 
The Use of Matrix Converters in Direct Torque Control of Induction Machines Simulink Implementation of Induction Machine Model “ A Modular Approach 
Analysis of Different Schemes of Matrix Converter with Maximum Voltage Conversion Ratio 
Power Flow Control with UPFC in Power Transmission System 
Analysis of a zero voltage switching Cuk converter 
Simulink model for economic analysis and environmental impact of a PV with diesel battery system for remote villages 
Analysis and modeling of unified power flow controller: Modification of Newton Raphson algorithm and user defined modeling approach power flow studies 
Wind driven self excited induction generator with voltage and frequency regulated by a reduced rating voltage source inverter 
A new fuzzy color correlated impulse noise reduction method 
Minimization of torque ripple in SRM drives 
A unified three phase transformer model for distribution load flow calculations 
Power flow control with UPFC in power transmission system 
Experiment on Fractional Frequency Transmission System 
A space Vector Modulation Scheme to Reduce Common Mode Voltage for Cascade Multilevel Inverters 
Analysis, Design and Implementation of modified single phase inverter 
Switching Frequency Imposition and Ripple Reduction in DTC Drives by Using Multilevel Converter 
Simultaneous Phase Balancing at Substations and Switches with Time-Varying Load Patterns 
Consideration of Input Parameter Uncertainties in Load Flow Solution of Three-Phase Unbalanced Radial Distribution System 
A Three-Phase Power Flow Method For Real-Time Distribution System Analysis 
novel Method of Load Compensation under Unbalanced and Distorted Voltages 
Development of Three-Phase Unbalanced Power Flow Using PV and PQ Models for Distributed Generation and Study of the Impact of DG Models 
Position Control Design Project (PD Controller “ Root “Locus Design) 
Application of Voltage- and Current- Controlled Voltage Source Inverters for Distributed Generation Systems 
Multi-Input Inverter for Grid-Connected Hybrid PV/Wind Power System 
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Based Damping Controllers for Damping Low Frequency Oscillations in a Power System 

Electrical Engineering projects in Power Systems--part4

PSCAD/EMTDC Simulation of Unified Series-Shunt Compensator for Power Quality Improvement 
Effects of Power Oscillations Damping Controllers by UPFC Using Different Fault Conditions 
Transient Stability Improvement of SMIB With Unified Power Flow Controller 
Control of Grid-interfacing Inverters with Integrated Voltage Unbalance Correction 
Three-Leg VSC and a Transformer Based Three-Phase Four-Wire DSTATCOM for Distribution Systems 
Modeling of a DSTATCOM with Ultra Capacitor Energy Storage for Power Distribution System Applications 
Control strategies for distribution static compensator for power quality improvement 
Optimization of PI Coefficients in DSTATCOM Nonlinear Controller for Regulating DC Voltage using Genetic Algorithm 
Operation and Control of Single Phase Micro Sources in a Utility Connected Grid 
Voltage Flicker Compensation using STATCOM 
A Novel Voltage-Boosting Converter with Passive Voltage Clamping 
Pulse Width Modulated Buck-Boost Five-Level Current Source Inverters 
Wound Rotor Induction Generator With Sensor less Control and Integrated Active Filter for Feeding Nonlinear Loads in a Stand-Alone Grid 
Optimum Control of Selective and Total Harmonic Distortion in Current and Voltage Under Non sinusoidal Conditions 
Filter based non-invasive control of chaos in Buck converter 
Voltage and Energy Utilization Enhancement in a Stand-alone WECS Using a Fuzzy Logic Controlled SPWM Converter Interface Scheme 
Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverter with PWM Control Method 
Fuzzy Logic Based Control of Variable Speed Induction Machine wind Generation System 
ssss. Control of Three Phase, Four-Wire PWM Rectifier 
Switching losses and harmonic investigations in multilevel inverters 
Indirect Matrix Converter Based on Investigations of Field-oriented control for Induction Motor 
Two-stage Matrix Converter Used in Wind Power Generation System Application Research 
Development of a Grid “ Connected WIND/PV/BESS Hybrid Distributed Generation System 
Improvement of Voltage Stability and Reduce Power System Losses by Optimal GA based Allocation of Multi-type FACTS Devices 
Impacts of AC Generators and DSTATCOM Devices on the Dynamic Performance of Distribution Systems 
Digital Signal Controllers Improve Efficiency for Solar power Inverters 

Electrical Engineering Projects in Power Systems - part 3

Control and Analysis of a Unified Power Flow Controller 
Performance Analysis of Fuzzy Logic Based Unified Power Flow Controller 
Direct Power Control Strategies for Multilevel Inverter Based Custom Power Devices 
Switching Losses and Harmonic Investigations in Multilevel Inverters 
Modeling and Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source Converter 
Fuzzy Control of Fuel Cell Distributed Generation Systems 
Intelligent Control of Fuel Cell Distributed Generation Systems 
Modeling and Control of Fuel Cell Based Distributed Generation Systems in a Standalone AC Power Supply 
A Low-Cost Inverter for Domestic Fuel Cell Applications 
Analysis and Design Considerations of Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current Switching (ZVZCS) Full-Bridge PWM Converters 
A Fast Space-Vector Modulation Algorithm for Multilevel Three-Phase Converters 
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Three-phase Shunt Active Filter for Line Harmonics Reduction 
A Fuzzy-Controlled Active Front-End Rectifier with Current Harmonic Filtering Characteristics and Minimum Sensing Variables 
Model of Photovoltaic Module in MATLAB 
Power Quality Improvement Using DVR 
The use of Facts devices in disturbed Power Systems-Modeling, Interface, and Case Study 
A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracker for PV Panels Using Switching Frequency Modulation 
Single Phase Power Factor Correction: A Survey 
Modified SVPWM Algorithm for Three Levels VSI With Synchronized and Symmetrical Waveforms 
A Closed Loop Observer for Rotor Flux Estimation in Induction Machines 
Fuzzy Logic Speed Control of a DC Motor 
A New Topology for Unipolar Brushless DC Motor Drive with High Power Factor 
The Discontinuous Conduction Mode Sepic and Cuk Power Factor Preregulators: Analysis and Design 
Development of Low Cost Multi Phase Brushless DC (BLDC) Motors with Unipolar Current Excitations 
Direct Torque Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor Using Space Vector Modulation with Harmonics Elimination and Optimal Switching Sequence 
Optimal Placement of Shunt Connected Facts Device in a Series Compensated Long Transmission Line 

Electrical Engineering projects in Power Systems--part2

matlab/psb based modeling and simulation of 25 kv ac railway traction system- a particular reference to loading and fault conditions 
direct torque with fuzzy logic ripple reduction based stator flux vector control 
development of a slip and slide simulator for electric locomotive based on inverter controlled induction motor 
power quality analysis of traction supply systems with high speed train using active filters to reduce thd in traction systems 
optimized discontinuous pwm algorithm with variable load power factor for multilevel inverters 
novel direct power control for compensating voltage unbalance and load fluctuations in pwm rectifiers 
new dtc control scheme for induction motors fed with a three-level inverter 
sensor less speed estimation of induction motor in a direct torque control system 
mras based speed control of sensorless induction motor drives 
a novel technique for distribution system feeder reconfiguration 
power upgrading of transmission line by combining ac“dc transmission 
a single phase z-source cycloconverter (spzc) based on single phase matrix converter (spmc) topology with safe commutation strategy 
simulation of a space vector pwm controller for a three-level voltage fed inverter motor drive 
optimal intelligent controller for matrix converter induction motor drive system 
3-phase power factor correction, using vienna rectifier approach and modular construction for improved overall performance, efficiency and reliability 
a comparative study between two strategies for four-wire shunt active filter control 
A simple new control technique for unified power quality conditioner (upqc) 
direct power control for three-phase pwm rectifier with active filtering function 
space vector control of 5-phase pmsm supplied by 5 h-bridge vsis 
simulation and modeling of a dynamic voltage restorer. 
Dynamic modeling, design and simulation of a wind/fuel cell/ultra-capacitor-based hybrid power generation system 
sensor less control of interior permanent-magnet machine drives with zero phase lag position estimation 
torque-ripple minimization in switched reluctance machines over a wide speed range 
torque-ripple minimization in switched reluctance motors using adaptive fuzzy control 
simulink implementation of induction motor model 
improvement of voltage stability and reduce power system losses by optimal ga-based allocation of multi-type facts devices 
analytical modeling of hvdc transmission system converter using matlab/simulink 
a novel concept for mains voltage proportional input current shaping of a vienna rectifier eliminating controller multipliers 
sensor less control of interior permanent-magnet machine drives with zero-phase lag position estimation 
possibility of power tapping from composite ac“dc power transmission lines 
prediction-based ripple reduction in direct torque control of an induction machine 
prediction-based ripple reduction in direct torque control of an induction machine 
artificial neural network controlled shunt active power filter 
three-phase, power quality improvement ac/dc converters 
dtc-svm scheme for induction motors fed with a three-level inverter 
real and reactive power coordination for a unified power flow controller
 

Electrical Engineering projects in Power Systems--part1

Programmable active power factor improvement scheme for single phase switch mode boost rectifiers 
svpwm techniques and applications in hts pmsm machines control 
space vector pulse width modulation of three level inverter extending operation into over modulation region 
 impact of reactive power in power evacuation from wind turbines 
transient fault response of grid connected wind electric generators 
pmsm speed sensor less direct torque control based on ekf 
zbus transmission network cost allocation 
electromagnetic interference with electronic apparatus by switching surges in gis “ cable system 
predictive valley current control for two inductor boost converter 
a modular fuel cell, modular dc“dc converter concept for high performance and enhanced reliability 
a simple control scheme for single-phase shunt active power filter with fuzzy logic based dc bus voltage controller 
a 24-pulse ac-dc converter employing a pulse doubling technique for vector controlled induction motor drives 
modeling of three levels converters used in electric traction 
harmonic current reduction in railway system 
second order sliding mode for traction control in ride-by-wire sport motorcycles 
a modular strategy for control and voltage balancing of cascaded h-bridge rectifiers 

Shodha 2k12 | Technical Fest

Event: Shodha 2k12 | Technical Fest

Organised by:
Sree Chaitanya College of Engineering, Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh

Key dates:

Fest dates: 21st-22nd September 2012
Last date: For Papers Its 31st of This Month and for Other Events on the SPOT at The College CAMPUS Only

Granicus 2012 | Techno Cultural & Sports Festival

Event: Granicus 2012 | Techno Cultural & Sports Festival

Organised by:
Kaushik College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Key dates:

Fest dates: 12th-13th September 2012
Last date: 3rd September 2012 

Website: http://granicus.info/
 

Sunday 12 August 2012

Electronic Components


Electronic Components


LED

Have you ever wondered what is an LED?

here I can answer your question.
An LED belongs to family of diodes that emits light for which it is called as Light Emitting Diode.


Function

LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

Connecting and soldering

LED connectionsLEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method).
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs. 
Testing an LED

Testing an LED

Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! 
It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and burn it out.
LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1kohm resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED the correct way round!


Colours of LEDs

LED coloursLEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours.
The colour of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not by the colouring of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colours are available in uncoloured packages which may be diffused (milky) or clear (often described as 'water clear'). The coloured packages are also available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent. 

Tri-colour LEDs

Tri-colour LEDThe most popular type of tri-colour LED has a red and a green LED combined in one package with three leads. They are called tri-colour because mixed red and green light appears to be yellow and this is produced when both the red and green LEDs are on.
The diagram shows the construction of a tri-colour LED. Note the different lengths of the three leads. The centre lead (k) is the common cathode for both LEDs, the outer leads (a1 and a2) are the anodes to the LEDs allowing each one to be lit separately, or both together to give the third colour. 

Bi-colour LEDs

A bi-colour LED has two LEDs wired in 'inverse parallel' (one forwards, one backwards) combined in one package with two leads. Only one of the LEDs can be lit at one time and they are less useful than the tri-colour LEDs described above.

Sizes, Shapes and Viewing angles of LEDs

LED Clip, photograph © Rapid Electronics
LED Clip
LEDs are available in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. The 'standard' LED has a round cross-section of 5mm diameter and this is probably the best type for general use, but 3mm round LEDs are also popular.
Round cross-section LEDs are frequently used and they are very easy to install on boxes by drilling a hole of the LED diameter, adding a spot of glue will help to hold the LED if necessary. LED clips are also available to secure LEDs in holes. Other cross-section shapes include square, rectangular and triangular.
As well as a variety of colours, sizes and shapes, LEDs also vary in their viewing angle. This tells you how much the beam of light spreads out. Standard LEDs have a viewing angle of 60° but others have a narrow beam of 30° or less.

GATE Score


From 2013, the GATE score will be computed by a new formula.

This formula is different from the one used earlier. After the declaration of the results, a GATE Scorecard will be issued to all the candidates of a paper whose marks are equal to or above the qualifying marks of SC/ST/PD candidates in that paper. There is no provision for the issue of Additional GATE scorecard.

The GATE 2013 Committee with the NCB’s approval has the authority to decide the qualifying mark for each GATE paper. In case any claim or dispute arises in respect of GATE 2013, it is hereby made absolutely clear that the Courts and Tribunals in Mumbai and Mumbai alone shall have the exclusive jurisdiction to entertain and settle any such dispute or claim.

Saturday 11 August 2012

Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat


Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat  is for you download it

PSOC


Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat


Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat  is for you download it 

Signal Processing & Linear Systems by B.p.Lathi


Signal Processing & Linear Systems by B.P.Lathi is for you 

download it and learn

Power System Dynamics Stability and Control by James R.Bumby


Power System Dynamics Stability and Control by James R.Bumby is below 
click on the below link to download

Fundamentals of Electrical Drives by Andre Veltman


Fundamentals of Electrical Drives by Andre Veltman  is below.
click on it and download

Power Electronics by Muhammad H.Rashid


Power Electronics by Muhammad H.Rashid is for you
download it and learn



Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology by John Bird


Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology by John Bird  is waiting you

click below to download

Introduction to Micro Processors and Micro Controllers by John Crisp


Introduction to Micro Processors and Micro Controllers by John Crisp is for you.

download it 

Linear Integrated Circuits by Roy Chowdary


Linear Integrated Circuits by Roy Chowdary is for you.

click on the below link to download

High Voltage Engineering by M.S.Naidu


High Voltage Engineering by M.S.Naidu  is awaiting you to download 

Understanding FACTS Concepts by Narain G.HIngorani


Understanding FACTS Concepts by Narain G.HIngorani  is below and click on the below link to download

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Robert boylestad


Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory (EDC) by Robert Boylestad  is for you.

download it and learn

Engineering Electromagnetics by Hayt


Engineering Electromagnetics by Hayt  is ready for your download

click on the below link to download

Modern Power System Analysis by Nagarath and Kotari


Modern Power System Analysis by Nagarath and Kotari is below.

download it and learn 

electrical machines

electrical machines by V K Mehta is awaiting you

download it and learn 

digital signal processing

digital signal processing text is awaiting you

download it.

digital signal processing

Friday 10 August 2012

GATE -2013



Online Or Offline?
Examination Schedule And Cities

Examination Time
Examination Date (Day)
Examination Type
Examination Cities
AR, CE, GG, MA, MT, PH, and TF
09:00 hrs–12:00 hrs
20 January 2013  (Sunday)
ONLINE
Listed in Table separately
AE,  AG, BT, CH, CY,  MN,  XE, and XL
14:00 hrs–17:00 hrs
CS,  ME and PI
09:00 hrs–12:00 hrs
10 February 2013  (Sunday)
OFFLINE
Listed in Table separately
EC,  EE  and IN
14:00 hrs–17:00 hrs
ONLINE Examination: A computer based test (CBT) where the candidate will use a computer mouse to choose a correct answer or enter a numerical answer via a virtual keypad.
OFFLINE Examination:  A paper based examination where the candidate will mark the correct answer out of four options in an Optical Response Sheet (ORS) by darkening the appropriate bubble with a pen.
The overall coordination and responsibility of conducting GATE 2013 lies with Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, and is designated as the Organizing Institute for GATE 2013.

GATE 2013



Important Dates

GATE Online Applicant Interface (website) Opens
Saturday
1 September 2012
(00:00 Hrs)
Last date for Submission of Online Application (website closure)
Sunday
30 September 2012
(23:00 Hrs)
Last date for the receipt of printed version of ONLINE Application at the respective zonal GATE Office
Monday
8 October 2012
Last date for request of change of city
Tuesday
20 November 2012
Availability of admit card on Online Application Interface
Wednesday
5 December, 2012
GATE 2013 Online Examination for Papers:
AR, CE, GG, MA, MT, PH and TF
Sunday
20 January 2013
(09:00 Hrs to 12:00 Hrs)
GATE 2013 Online Examination for Papers:
AE, AG, BT, CH, CY, MN, XE and XL
Sunday
20 January 2013
(14:00 Hrs to 17:00 Hrs)
GATE 2013 Offline Examination for Papers:
CS, ME and PI
Sunday
10 February 2013
(09:00 Hrs to 12:00 Hrs)
GATE 2013 Offline Examination for Papers:
EC, EE and IN
Sunday
10 February 2013
(14:00 Hrs to 17:00 Hrs)
Announcement of results on Online Applicant Interface

GATE 2013



Important Points for GATE 2013.
Application Process: For GATE 2013,  candidates need to register and fill the application ONLINE only by accessing the zonal GATE websites of IISc and seven IITs. The application process is complete only when a print out of the filled ONLINE application with the candidate’s signature and a good quality photo affixed in the appropriate place is received by the respective GATE office along with necessary documents, if any, on or before 8 October 2012. Please note that application forms are NOT available for sale anywhere.
Downloadable Admit Card: Admit cards are NOT sent by mail anymore. Admit cards can only be downloaded from the zonal GATE websites from 5th December 2012 onwards. Bring the admit card to the test center along with at least one original (not photocopied / scanned copy) and valid (not expired) photo identification.
Use of black ink ball point pen for Offline exams:  Candidates should use only black ink ball point pen for darkening of the bubbles in the OMR sheet. Since bubbles darkened by the black ink ball point pen cannot be erased, candidates should darken the bubbles in the OMR sheet very carefully (be sure before darkening).
Numerical answer type questions in ONLINE papers: In the ONLINE papers, the question paper will consist of questions of multiple choice type and questions of numerical answer type. For multiple choice type questions, each question will have four choices for the answer. For numerical answer type questions, each question will have a number as the answer. Each online paper will have 15 or more marks worth of questions requiring numerical answers where possible.
Pre-final year students:  Pre-final year students are NOT eligible to write GATE 2013. For details, refer to eligibility for GATE examination.


GATE- 2013


What’s New in GATE 2013?
15 subject papers will be conducted by an ONLINE computer based test: AE, AG, AR, BT, CE, CH, CY, GG, MA, MN, MT, PH, TF, XE, and XL.
Female candidates  are exempted from paying the application fee.
All candidate related information and grievance redressal will be available in a single GATE Online Applicant Interface. (What is it?)
Soft copies of photograph and signature must be uploaded during online application (This is in addition to sending recent photograph of applicant with signed application).
A new formula will be used for calculating the GATE score.
Biometric information (Photograph and fingerprint) may be captured on the day of the examination for randomly selected candidates.

GATE - 2013

for full details download...

GATE- 2013

GATE -2013



Pattern of Question Papers and Marking Scheme
Pattern of Question Papers
The examination for the papers with codes AE, AG, AR, BT, CE, CH, CY, GG, MA, MN, MT, PH, TF, XE and XL will be conducted ONLINE using computers where the candidates will be required to select the answer for each question using a mouse. For all other papers (CS, EC, EE, IN, ME & PI), the exam will be conducted OFFLINE in whicih candidates will have to mark the correct choice on an Optical Response Sheet (ORS) by darkening the appropriate bubble against each question.
In all the papers, there will be a total of 65 questions carrying 100 marks, out of which 10 questions carrying total of 15 marks are in General Aptitude (GA). The remaining of 85% of the total marks is devoted to the syllabus of the paper (as indicated in the syllabus section)
GATE 2013 would contain questions of four different types in various papers:
(i) Multiple choice questions carrying 1 or 2 marks each; Each of  the multiple choice objective questions in all papers and sections will contain four answers,  of which one correct answer is to be marked.
(ii) Common data questions (which are also multiple choice questions), where two successive questions use the same set of input data;
Example
Statement for Common Data Questions, for instance, for Questions 48 and 49 in Main Paper: 
Let X and Y be jointly distributed random variables such that the conditional distribution of Y, given X=x, is uniform on the interval (x-1,x+1). Suppose E(X)=1 and Var(X)=5/3.
First question using common data:
Q.48 The mean of the random variable Y is
(A) 1/2  (B) 1  (C) 3/2  (D) 2
Second question using common data:
Q.49 The variance of the random variable Y is
(A) 1/2  (B) 2/3  (C) 1  (D) 2
(iii) Linked answer questions (which are also multiple choice questions), where the answer to the first question in the pair is required to answer its successor;
Example: Statement for Linked Answer Questions, for instance, for Questions 52 and 53 in Main Paper: 
An E. coli cell of volume 10-12 cm3 contains 60 molecules of lac-repressor. The repressor has a binding affinity (Kd) of 10-8 M and 10-9 M with and without lactose respectively, in the medium.
First question of the pair:
Q.52 The molar concentration of the repressor in the cell is
(A) 0.1 nM (B) 1 nM (C) 10 nM (D) 100 nM
Second question of the pair:
Q.53 Therefore the lac-operon is
(A) repressed and can only be induced with lactose.
(B) repressed and cannot be induced with lactose.
(C) not repressed.
(D) expressed only when glucose and lactose are present.
(iv) Numerical answer questions, where the answer is a number, to be entered by the candidate using the mouse and a virtual keypad that will be provided on the screen.
Design of Questions
The questions in a paper may be designed to test the following abilities:
(i) Recall: These are based on facts, principles, formulae or laws of the discipline of the paper. The candidate is expected to be able to obtain the answer either from his/her memory of the subject or at most from a one-line computation.
Example
Q. During machining maximum heat is produced
(A)  in flank face
(B)  in rake face
(C)  in shear zone
(D)  due to friction between chip and tool
(ii) Comprehension: These questions will test the candidate’s understanding of the basics of his/her field, by requiring him/her to draw simple conclusions from fundamental ideas.
Example
Q. A DC motor requires a starter in order to
(A)  develop a starting torque
(B)  compensate for auxiliary field ampere turns
(C)  limit armature current at starting
(D) provide regenerative braking
(iii) Application: In these questions, the candidate is expected to apply his/her knowledge either through computation or by logical reasoning.
Example
Q. The sequent depth ratio of a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel is 16.48. The Froude number at the beginning of the jump is:
(A)  5.0  (B) 8.0    (C)  10.0  (D) 12.0
(iv) Analysis and Synthesis:  These can be linked answer questions, where the answer to the first question of the pair is required in order to answer its successor. Or these can be common data questions, in which two questions share the same data but can be solved independently of each other.
Common data based questions: Two questions are linked to a common data problem, passage and the like. Each question is independent and its solution is obtainable from the above problem data or passage directly. (Answer of the previous question is not required to solve the next question). Each question under this group will carry two marks.
Linked answer questions: These questions are of problem solving type. A problem statement is followed by two questions based on the problem statement. The two questions are designed such that the solution to the second question depends upon the answer to the first one. In other words, the first answer is an intermediate step in working out the second answer. Each question in such ‘linked answer questions’ will carry two marks.
Examples of each of this design is given in the types of questions above.
The questions based on the above four logics may be a mix of single stand alone statement/phrase /data type questions, combination of option codes type questions or match items type questions. 
Marking Scheme
For 1 mark multiple choice questions, 1/3 mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. Likewise, for 2 marks multiple choice questions, 2/3  mark will be deducted for a wrong answer. However, for the linked answer question pair, where each question carries 2 marks, 2/3  mark will be deducted for a wrong answer to the first question only. There is no negative marking for wrong answer to the second question of the linked answer question pair. If the first question in the linked pair is wrongly answered or is unattempted, then the answer to the second question in the pair will not be evaluated. There is no negative marking for numerical answer type questions (numerical answer type questions will appear only in the papers for which the exam is ONLINE only).
General Aptitude (GA) Questions 
In all papers, GA questions are of multiple choice type, and carry a total of 15 marks.  The GA section includes 5 questions carrying 1 mark each (sub-total 5 marks) and 5 questions carrying 2 marks each (sub-total 10 marks).
Question papers other than GG, XE and XL
These papers would contain 25  questions carrying one mark each (sub-total 25 marks) and 30  questions carrying two marks each (sub-total 60 marks).  Out of these, two pairs of questions would be common data questions, and two pairs of questions would be linked answer questions.  In the ONLINE papers, the question paper will consist of  questions of multiple choice type and numerical answer type. For multiple choice type questions, each question will have four choices for the answer. For numerical answer type questions, each question will have a number as the answer and choices will not be given. The answer is to be entered using the mouse and a virtual keypad that will appear on the screen.
GG (Geology and Geophysics) Paper
Apart from the General Aptitude (GA) section, the GG question paper consists of two parts: Part A and Part B. Part A is common for all candidates. Part B contains two sections: Section 1 (Geology) and Section 2 (Geo-physics). Candidates will have to attempt questions in Part A and either Section 1 or Section 2 in Part B.
Part A consists of 25 multiple choice questions carrying 1-mark each (sub-total 25 marks & some of these may be numerical questions). Each section  in Part B (Section 1 and Section 2) consists of 30 multiple choice questions carrying 2 marks each (sub-total 60 marks and some of these may be numerical questions). Out of these, two pairs of questions would be common data questions, and two pairs of questions would be linked answer questions.
XE Paper (Engineering Sciences)
In XE paper, Engineering Mathematics section (Section A) is compulsory. This section contains 11 multiple choice questions carrying a total of 15 marks: 7 questions carrying 1-mark each (sub-total 7 marks), and 4 questions carrying 2-marks each (sub-total 8 marks). Some of the multiple choice questions may be replaced by numerical questions.
Each of the other sections of the XE paper (Sections B through G) contains 22 questions carrying a total of 35 marks:  9 questions carrying 1 mark each (sub-total 9 marks) and 13 questions carrying 2 marks each (sub-total 26 marks).  Out of the 2 mark questions, 2 pairs are common data questions and 1 pair is linked answer questions. Some of the multiple choice questions may be replaced by numerical questions.
XL Paper (Life Sciences)
In XL paper,  Chemistry section (Section H) is compulsory. This section contains 15 multiple choice questions carrying a total of 25 marks: 5 questions carrying 1 mark each (sub-total 5 marks) and  10 questions carrying 2-marks each (sub-total 20 marks).  Out of the 2-mark questions, 1 pair is common data questions, and 1 pair is linked answer questions. Some of the multiple choice questions may be replaced by numerical questions.
Each of the other sections of the XL paper (Sections I through M) contains 20 multiple choice questions carrying a total of 30 marks: 10 questions carrying 1 mark each (sub-total 10 marks) and 10 questions carrying 2 marks each (sub-total 20 marks). Some of the multiple choice questions may be replaced by numerical questions.

GATE - 2013



Structure of GATE 2013
A candidate can apply for only ONE of the 21 papers listed in Table given below. The syllabus for each of the papers is given separately. Making a choice of the appropriate paper during GATE application is the responsibility of the candidate. Some guidelines in this respect are suggested below.
The candidate is expected to appear in a paper appropriate to the discipline of his/her qualifying degree. The candidate is, however, free to choose any paper according to his/her admission plan, keeping in mind the eligibility criteria of the institutions in which he/she wishes to seek admission.
Table: List of GATE papers and corresponding codes
Sl.No
Paper
Code
Sl.No
Paper
Code
1
Aerospace Engineering
AE
12
Instrumentation Engineering
IN
2
Agricultural Engineering
AG
13
Mathematics
MA
3
Architecture and Planning
AR
14
Mechanical Engineering
ME
4
Biotechnology
BT
15
Mining Engineering
MN
5
Civil Engineering
CE
16
Metallurgical Engineering
MT
6
Chemical Engineering
CH
17
Physics
PH
7
Computer Science and Information Technology
CS
18
Production and Industrial Engineering
PI
8
Chemistry
CY
19
Textile Engineering and Fibre Science
TF
9
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC
20
Engineering Sciences
XE*
10
Electrical Engineering
EE
21
Life Sciences
XL*
11
Geology and Geophysics
GG
XE Paper Sections
Code
XL Paper Sections
Code
Engineering Mathematics (Compulsory)
A
Chemistry (Compulsory)
H
Fluid Mechanics
B
Biochemistry
I
Materials Science
C
Botany
J
Solid Mechanics
D
Microbiology
K
Thermodynamics
E
Zoology
L
Polymer Science and Engineering
F
Food Technology
M
Food Technology
G
* XE (Engineering Sciences) and XL (Life Sciences) papers are of general nature and will comprise of the sections listed in the above table.  See further explanation below.
Duration and Exam Type
The GATE examination consists of a single paper of 3 hours duration which contains 65 questions carrying a maximum of 100 marks. The question paper will consist of only objective questions. The pattern of question papers is discussed separately in detail.
The examination for the papers with codes AE, AG, AR, BT, CE, CH, CY, GG, PH, MA, MN, MT, TF, XE, and XL will be carried out as ONLINE  computer based test where the candidates will be shown the questions in a random sequence on a computer screen. The candidates are required to enter the answer for each question using a mouse  (keyboards will be disabled).  Candidates will be provided with blank paper sheets for rough work. At the end of the three hour window, the computer will automatically close the screen from further actions.
For all other papers (CS, EC, EE, IN, ME, and PI), the candidates will be given the questions printed on a paper, and they have to mark the correct choice on an Optical Response Sheet (ORS) by darkening the appropriate bubble against each question using a black ink ball point pen.
General Aptitude Questions
All the papers will contain few questions that test the General Aptitude (Language and Analytical Skills), apart from the core subject of the paper.
XE Paper
A candidate appearing in the XE paper has to answer the following
Section A – Engineering Mathematics (compulsory)
GA – General Aptitude (compulsory)
Any two of XE sections B to G
The choice of two out of the sections B to G can be made at the time of appearing for the exam after viewing the questions.  Only two optional sections can be answered at a time. A candidate wishing to change from one optional section to another optional section during the exam must first choose to deselect one of the previously chosen optional sections (B to G).
XL Paper
A candidate appearing in the XL paper has to answer the following
Section H – Chemistry (compulsory)
GA – General Aptitude (compulsory)
Any two of XL sections I to M
The choice of two out of the sections I to M can be made at the time of appearing for the exam after viewing the questions. Only two optional sections can be answered at a time. A candidate wishing to change from one optional section to another optional section during the exam must first choose to deselect one of the previously chosen optional sections (I to M).